It has resulted in either dismissal or compulsory retirement for veteran university faculty members and their replacement with younger professors more loyal to the Islamic Republic. Non-Muslims were required to refrain from behavior `offensive to Muslims,` and were excluded from all fields of study except accounting and foreign languages. The telegram effectively declared his belief that the Shah would not survive the protests and that the US should consider withdrawing its support for his government and persuading the monarch to abdicate. Khomeini settled in a suburb of Paris where his supporters relayed tape-recorded messages of him speaking to his supporters in Iran, resulting in enormous demonstrations, strikes, and riots.4These riots would lead to what is today known as the Iranian Revolution and the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and the Persian Monarchy. "[89], The oil boom of the 1970s produced an "alarming" increase in inflation, waste and an "accelerating gap" between the rich and poor, the city and the country,[90] along with the presence of tens of thousands of unpopular skilled foreign workers. Following the events of the revolution, Marxist guerrillas and federalist parties revolted in some regions comprising Khuzistan, Kurdistan and Gonbad-e Qabus, which resulted in fighting between them and revolutionary forces. In addition to the president, the new constitution included a more powerful post of guardian jurist ruler intended for Khomeini,[213] with control of the military and security services, and power to appoint several top government and judicial officials. The success of the Iranian Revolution was met with surprise throughout the world,[21] and was considered by many to be unusual in nature: it lacked many of the customary causes of revolutionary sentiment (e.g., defeat in war, a financial crisis, peasant rebellion, or disgruntled military);[22] occurred in a country that was experiencing relative prosperity;[6][20] produced profound change at great speed;[23] was massively popular; resulted in the massive exile that characterizes a large portion of today's Iranian diaspora;[24] and replaced a pro-Western secular[25] and authoritarian monarchy[6] with an anti-Western Islamist theocracy[6][19][20][26] that was based on the concept of Velyat-e Faqih (or Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist), straddling between authoritarianism and totalitarianism. On September 8 the regime imposed martial law, and troops opened fire against demonstrators in Tehrn, killing dozens or hundreds. Persians remained Persians. From early 1979 to either 1982 or 1983 Iran was in a "revolutionary crisis mode. [172], Women who were activists, religious women and women dissatisfied with the regime were able to unite under the anti-Shah umbrella. The White Revolution was a far-reaching series of reforms in Iran launched in 1963 by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and lasted until 1978. [278] Others claim the devastating IranIraq War "mortally wounded the ideal of spreading the Islamic revolution,"[185] or that the Islamic Republic's pursuit of an ideological rather than a "nationalist, pragmatic" foreign policy has weakened Iran's "place as a great regional power". Both beginning and ending in the month of Muharram, the protests succeeded, and the Shah stepped down from power later that month. Current Iranian leader, Ali Khamenei in a Revolutionary protest in Mashhad. A student organization of St. Marys University of San Antonio, Texas, featuring scholarly research, writing, and media from students of all disciplines. I appoint the government, I appoint the government in support of this nation". The Shah himself was horrified by the events of Black Friday, and harshly criticized the events, though this did little to sway public perception of him as being responsible for the shooting. He produced a number of writings in Islamic philosophy, law, and ethics, but what made him best known among the people of Iran was his opposition to Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and everything he was doing. [219] Among the casualties of the hostage crisis was Prime Minister Bazargan and his government, who resigned in November unable to enforce the government's order to release the hostages. By the late 1970s the economy began to struggle with rapid inflation and disaffected workers in both the public and private sector went on strike. In January of 1979, the shah and his family fled Iran on what was officially described as a vacation.5Shortly after this Khomeini returned and took control of the country as the religious leader of the revolution.6 On April 1, he officially declared Iran an Islamic republic.7 The shah and everyone in his regime, met the same fate his father did all those years ago, as they were officially sent into exile. [94] That party's attempt to fight inflation with populist "anti-profiteering" campaignsfining and jailing merchants for high prices angered and politicized merchants while fueling black markets. Secondary schools were free for all and financial support was extended to university students. [324] Real GNI per capita in 2011 constant international dollars decreased after the revolution and during the Iran-Iraq war from $7762 in 1979 to $3699 at the end of the war in 1989. The Literacy Corps was established to reduce illiteracy in rural areas, though reading and writing rates continued to be low in the villages. [28] After the consolidation of Khomeinist factions, Iran began to back Shia militancy across the region in an attempt to combat Sunni influence and establish Iranian dominance within the Arab world, ultimately aiming to achieve an Iranian-led Shia political order.[29]. The Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led this revolution, and he eventually ran the Islamic republic that replaced the monarchy after overthrowing the shah.1The Iranian Revolution transformed Irans government and the lives of all its citizens by making religion a key factor in all new laws that they made, as a reaction to the westernizing policies of the shah. [6] While the option of a pro-Shah military coup still was a possibility, Huyser met with military leaders (but not the Shah) and established meetings between them and Khomeini allies for the purpose of agreeing on Bakhtiar's transitional government. [303] While persecution occurred before the Revolution since then more than 200 Bahs have been executed or presumed killed, and many more have been imprisoned, deprived of jobs, pensions, businesses, and educational opportunities. In November 1964, Khomeini was re-arrested and sent into exile where he remained for 15 years (mostly in Najaf, Iraq), until the revolution. Fearing further mutinies, many soldiers were returned to their barracks. In 2006, there were rumors of universities internally "bracing" for "tighter state control over student bodies and faculties and perhaps even the second Cultural Revolution.'" "[119] These and later events in Iran are frequently cited as one of the most consequential strategic surprises that the United States has experienced since the CIA was established in 1947. According to one historian, "even discounting for exaggeration, these figures may represent the largest protest event in history. His eventual arrest sparked antigovernment riots, specifically against what the shah was implementing. [64], The post-revolutionary leaderShia cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeinifirst came to political prominence in 1963 when he led opposition to the Shah and his White Revolution. They led to a chasm between the monarchy and powerful Muslim clerics -- among them the popular Ayatollah Khomeini -- and would eventually lead to the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Some observers believe "what began as an authentic and anti-dictatorial popular revolution based on a broad coalition of all anti-Shah forces was soon transformed into an Islamic fundamentalist power-grab,"[187] that except for his core supporters, the members of the coalition thought Khomeini intended to be more of a spiritual guide than a ruler. The mullahs and bazaaris effectively policed the gathering, and protesters who attempted to initiate violence were restrained. The British considered an armed invasion, but UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill decided on a coup after being refused American military support by U.S. President Harry S. Truman, who sympathized with nationalist movements like Mosaddegh's and had nothing but contempt for old-style imperialists like those who ran the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. [326], The value of Iran's currency declined precipitously after the revolution. Iran, also known as Persia, is widely considered to be one of the cradles of civilization. [101][116][132][133], As the situation on the streets spiraled out of control, many well known and reputable figures within the country began to approach the Shah, begging him to stop the chaos. An attempt by Khomeini to forge a reconciliation between Banisadr and IRP leaders had failed,[246] and now it was Banisadr who was the rallying point "for all doubters and dissidents" of the theocracy, including the MEK. He wanted to create a state modeled after Westernism and Europeanism. [229] Most victims of the 1981 massacre were young activists aged eleven to twenty-four. He also sent a letter to American officials warning them to withdraw support for Bakhtiar. The need for Cultural Revolution which is an Islamic issue and demand of the Muslim nation has been recognized for sometimes but so far no effective effort has been made to respond to this need and the Muslim nation and the devoted and faithful students, in particular, are concerned and are worried of the machinations of plotters, which every now and then become evident and the Muslim nation are worried that God forbidden the opportunity is missed and no positive action is taken and the culture remains the same as the time of the corrupt regime which the cultured officials put these important centers under the disposal of colonialists. [20][101], On 5 November, demonstrations at University of Tehran became deadly after a fight broke out with armed soldiers. [111] Censorship was effectively terminated, and the newspapers began reporting heavily on demonstrations, often highly critically and negatively of the Shah. Salzman, Philip Carl. Angered, Bakhtiar made a speech of his own. "[286] To honor the 40th anniversary of revolution around 50,000 prisoners were forgiven by order Ali Khamenei to receive "Islamic clemency". [111], On 2 December 1978, the Muharram protests began. Weeks later, government workers began to strike. "[63] The White Revolution's economic "trickle-down" strategy also did not work as intended. Culture in Iran (Pre-Revolution 33 Learn about Prezi MD Marvin DeVera Thu Apr 21 2016 Outline 21 frames Reader view In the 1950's and 60's, art in Iran was quite modern and contemporary Iran art includes architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and sculpture. [2], The Cultural Council continues ensuring that the education and culture of Iran remain "100% Islamic", per Khomeini's mandate. Iran had immense oil wealth, a long border with the Soviet Union, and a nationalist prime minister. The British embassy in Tehran was partially burned and vandalized as well, and the American embassy nearly suffered the same fate. [74], Other opposition groups included constitutionalist liberalsthe democratic, reformist Islamic Freedom Movement of Iran, headed by Mehdi Bazargan, and the more secular National Front. Iranians enjoyed the luxury of new colleges, universities and libraries under the shah. Iranian Culture Pre-Islamic Revolution By: Gabriel Godwin, Miranda Clark, Courtney Hurtn, Zehra Quadr sports men at the age of 24 participated in these sports the popular sports were wrestling, skiing, polo, and soccer. ( Mario De Biasi/Mondadori/Getty Images) Iranian men and women enjoy a stroll along a busy commercial strip in 1950s Tehran. The prospect of a fall into communism and a "second China" (after Mao Zedong won the Chinese Civil War) terrified the Dulles brothers. [297] Overall, Iran's Human development Index rating has climbed significantly from 0.569 in 1980 to 0.732 in 2002, on a par with neighbouring Turkey. [115] In addition, it was the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, bringing a sense of increased religiosity among many people.[109]. He settled in a holy city in Iraq where he continued to speak out against the shah and call for his overthrow and the establishment of an Islamic republic. Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution , 1989. However, he would avoid entering into political issues, as did other religious leaders who followed him. In these "Ten Nights" (Dah Shab) 57 of Iran's most prominent poets and writers read their works to thousands of listeners. Khomeini immediately blamed the Shah and SAVAK for setting the fire, and,[9][101][124] due to the pervasive revolutionary atmosphere, the public also blamed the Shah for starting the fire, despite the government's insistence that they were uninvolved. But he also pushed the country to adopt Western-oriented secular modernization, allowing some degree of cultural freedom. The Shah's reforms more than quadrupled the combined size of the two classes that had posed the most challenges to his monarchy in the pastthe intelligentsia and the urban working class. [308] Additionally, women achieved the right to vote in 1963. [177], Some argue that this politicization and mobilization of women made it difficult for the new regime to push them out of the public and political spheres. [114] The Carter administration in the US also refused to sell non-lethal tear gas and rubber bullets to Iran. "[283], Internally, Iran has had some success in recent years in the broadening of education and health care for the poor, and particularly governmental promotion of Islam, and the elimination of secularism and American influence in government. 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Nationalization of the oil industry, wresting it from British control, was a major boost to Irans economy, with greater job prospects for many, including women. Khomeini called for a massive turnout[208] and only the National Democratic Front, Fadayan, and several Kurdish parties opposed the vote. Pre-Revolution Culture in Iran By: Hannah, Jon, and Carlos Many muslims worship many different languages, but the most popular is Arabic and Farsi This means "I love you" in both languages Arabic Farsi Women Culture Women did not have headscarves or chadors (dark cloth to cover head only face showing) before the Revolution, [171] Women were so pivotal to the revolution that in response to a suggestion from a top aid to ban women from coming to group audience, Khomeini said "I threw the Shah out with these women, there's no problem in their coming. [13] Students were screened by committees and those found unfit were not allowed to continue their studies. Soon large crowds took to the streets, building barricades and supporting the rebels, while Islamic-Marxist guerillas with their weapons joined in support. In their eyes, any country not decisively allied with the United States was a potential enemy. [267][268] Iran also began its economic cooperation with China that includes political, strategic and economic components between the two nations. [178] However, most of these women expected the revolution to lead to an increase in their rights and opportunities rather than the restrictions that actually occurred. Reasons advanced for the revolution and its populist, nationalist, and later Shia Islamic character include: The Shah's regime was seen as an oppressive, brutal,[34][35] corrupt and lavish regime by some of the society's classes at that time. [6] Bakhtiar became increasingly isolated, with members of the government (including the entire Regency Council) defecting to Khomeini. Will the royal family finally be able to return to their home? As Ervand Abrahamian pointed out: "The White Revolution had been designed to preempt a Red Revolution. Still, for a period of almost 40 years, the Shah led Iran through a series of sweeping changes. ", "Why the Iranian Revolution Was Non-Violent", "The Qum Protests and the Coming of the Iranian Revolution, 1975 and 1978", "Iran's Islamic Revolution: Lessons for the Arab Spring of 2011? Be self-dependent and do not expect any help from the foreigners. The city's martial law commander General Mehdi Rahimi decided not to use his 30,000 loyal Immortal Guards to crush the rebellion for fear of producing civilian casualties.[133]. Pre-Revolution Iranian Culture The earliest writings on Islamic music were from the 9th century The earliest songs were the huda,from the huda came nasb, rukbani and many other kinds of music, these all came from the nomadic people In the markets competitions of music and poetry were held frequently. Iranian culture is rich in cultural symbolism, much of which derives from prehistoric times. "[9], The main theme of the movement was to purify the universities and education system of foreign influences. Secular and leftist politicians piled onto the movement hoping to gain power in the aftermath, ignoring the fact that Khomeini was the very antithesis to all of the positions they supported. [248] Those attending the rally were menaced by Hezbollahi and Revolutionary Guards and intimidated into silence.[249]. How many students or faculty were killed is not known.[1][3][4]. She further explains that the cultural, ideological, social and material factors shaping the social life and class differences in the period just prior to the revolution need to be studied in order to understand how the Iranian women's social consciousness developed and how it led them to take part in public protests. [6][140][141], The Shah began to search for a new prime minister, one who was a civilian and a member of the opposition. The new constitution was also approved overwhelmingly by the December 1979 constitutional referendum, but with more opposition[Note 7] and smaller turnout. Navy personnel were also used as strikebreakers in the oil industry. [2] The cultural revolution sometimes involved violence in taking over the university campuses. [122][19][111][116] Within hours, Tehran broke out into a full-scale riot. After the 1953 Iranian coup d'tat, Pahlavi aligned Iran with the Western Bloc and cultivated a close relationship with the United States in order to consolidate his power as an authoritarian ruler. Nafisi, Azar. The deaths shocked the country and damaged any attempt at reconciliation between the Shah and the opposition. [109] In an increasingly predictable pattern, deadly riots broke out in major cities,[109][116] and again 40 days later, on 10 May. In January 1978, incensed by what they considered to be slanderous remarks made against Khomeini in Eelt, a Tehrn newspaper, thousands of young madrasah (religious school) students took to the streets. U.S. copyright: Protecting authors, preserving culture, 4 ways the U.S. will boost womens economic security worldwide, How one African womans startup spurs new businesses, Helping women in Vietnam become academic leaders, The latest medical gadgets at U.S. tech show, Leaders take on North Americas biggest challenges, Turning COVID-19 vaccine technology against cancer, Defending Ukraine: Dattalion founders fight disinformation, How the climate crisis affects gender equity and equality, See the land that tribes in the U.S. are protecting. "[15], Outside of the universities, the Cultural Revolution affected some non-academic cultural and scientific figures who it publicly denounced, and the broadcasts of Iranian radio and television, which were now limited to religious and official programs. [23] This came after Ahmadinejad was elected as Iran's president in 2005 and became the head of the Council. The Iranian Revolution changed Iran in many ways, especially in the day-to-day lives of its citizens. [14][100], The chain of events began with the death of Mostafa Khomeini, chief aide and eldest son of Ruhollah Khomeini. On 20 March 1890, the long-standing Iranian monarch Nasir al-Din Shah granted a concession to British Major G. F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the production, sale, and export of tobacco for 50 years. Revolutionaries were angry because of how the Shah had left Iran which spawned rumors of another U.S.backed coup in Iran that would re-install him. From 1901 on, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (renamed the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1931), a British oil company, enjoyed a monopoly on sale and production of Iranian oil. [263] Relations with the USSR became strained as well after the Soviet government condemned Khomeini's repression of certain minorities after the Revolution. [8][9][10] In August 1978, the deaths of between 377 and 470 people in the Cinema Rex fire claimed by the opposition as having been orchestrated by Pahlavi's SAVAK came to serve as a catalyst for a popular revolutionary movement across all of Iran,[11][12] and large-scale strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the entire country for the remainder of that year. [256] In terms of future relevance, the conflicts that originated from the Iranian Revolution continued to define geo-politics for the last three decades, continuing to do so today.[257]. [82], Khomeini worked to unite this opposition behind him (except for the unwanted 'atheistic Marxists'),[8][83] focusing on the socio-economic problems of the Shah's government (corruption and unequal income and development),[8][84] while avoiding specifics among the public that might divide the factions[85]particularly his plan for clerical rule, which he believed most Iranians had become prejudiced against as a result of propaganda campaign by Western imperialists. In 1953, amid a power struggle between Mohammed Reza Shah and Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the U.K. Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) orchestrated a coup against Mosaddeghs government. Under the shah, Iran had more political, social and cultural life than any of its neighbors. Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution, invasion of allied British and Soviet troops, nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran Exile, 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini, Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, Liberal and reform movements within Islam, March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum, 1979 Iranian Constitutional Convention election, December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum, Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, anti-Israeli Islamist militant groups since, The policy of exporting the Islamic Revolution, Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, International Women's Day Protests in Tehran, 1979, List of modern conflicts in the Middle East, Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)#Importance of Islamic Government, Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas, Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)#Why Islamic Government has not been established, "IRAN ii. 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