The vaults are supported by a circular pillar with modest decorative stone rings. In 1918 Alsace and Strasbourg and Alscace were once again attached to France. Is Strasbourg in Germany or France? And the Best Museums to Visit Strasbourg is, indeed, in France. The cathedral was eventually surpassed in height by the St. Nikolai Church in Hamburg, Germany. Marvel at the oldest Gothic cathedral of Europe with your local tour guide. [84], Canon Conrad de Bussnang praying to Virgin and Child. [36], A series of major reconstructions and restorations were carried out in the second of the century Gustave Klotz[fr] from 1837 to 1888. [8], The nave is dominated by the two rows of massive pillars. Inside Strasbourg Cathedral: A Must-Visit in Strasbourg, France de la Cathdrale, 67000 Strasbourg, France Phone +33 3 88 21 43 34 Web Visit website A masterpiece of Gothic architecture, Notre-Dame Cathedral rivals its more famous counterpart in Paris. The cathedral was one of the earliest structures built with exterior flying buttresses. This faade has been credited to Erwin von Steinback and is considered to be an absolute masterpiece of the Gothic Era. The cathedral has a length of 112 meters (367 feet) and a width of 16 meters (52 feet). It was hoisted up to its present position in 1327. Strasbourg city guide - tourist information in English - About France A little history about Notre-Dame de Strasbourg Strasbourg's cathedral is an emblematic monument of the city, built on a site that was occupied by an important Roman camp when the city was called Argentoratum, and which has hosted many places of worship over the centuries. Thanks to 3D reconstructions of. 1439-1939", "Straburger Mnster, Cathdrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg", "Straburger Mnster Mnster Unserer Lieben Frau", Notre Dame Cathedral (original plans and contemporary photographs), Historical Sketch of the Cathedral of Strasbourg, Diocese of GrenobleVienne-les-Allobroges, Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Sainte-Croix-de-Paris, Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris, Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strasbourg_Cathedral&oldid=1140780300, 15th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in France, Roman Catholic churches completed in 1439, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles needing cleanup from October 2021, Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from October 2021, Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from October 2021, Pages using embedded infobox templates with the title parameter, Articles with MusicBrainz place identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, First Emperor Window: HENRICUS REX (presumably, Fourth Emperor Window: KAROLUS D[ic]C[tu]S MARTEL PATER BIPPINI (, Fifth Emperor Window: LOTHARIUS ROMANORUM IMPERATOR (. Only those Christian denominations that have bishops have cathedrals. Remains of the choir screen are displayed in the Muse de luvre Notre-Dame and in The Cloisters. . It is a major architectural, historical, and cultural landmark in the city. A round, Baroque sacristy of modest proportions was added north-east of the northern transept in 1744 by the city's chief architect Joseph Massol according to plans by Robert de Cotte and between 1772 and 1778 architect Jean-Laurent Goetz surrounded the cathedral by a gallery in early Gothic Revival style in order to reorganise the merchants' shops that used to settle around the building (and would do so until 1843). The tower was saved, however, when in May of the same year citizens of Strasbourg crowned it with a giant tin Phrygian cap of the kind the Enrags themselves wore. Parcours "The Cathedral of Strasbourg" Streetcar line: Ligne A, D-Arrt : Langstross Grand'Rue. Climbing up to the Cathedral's platform and guard house is a thrilling experience. On the south side, the upper windows depict soldiers, popes, bishops, and other masculine figures. Strasbourg Cathedral Building, France - e-architect The original Romanesque crypt was kept and expanded westwards. Above this is a colourful clock with the signs of the zodiac. The Strasbourg Christmas markets are located in old Strasbourg, which is located on an island in the middle of the city. The cathedral was built in Gothic style. Strasbourg Cathedral - Wikiwand The pillar was created in the middle of the 13th century, most probably by a group of sculptors from France or Burgundy. The level above displays a group of mechanical chariots, with allegorical figures representing the days of the week, which move daily to bring to the front the current day of the week. One can see 30 kilometers from the observation level, which provides a view of the Rhine banks from the Vosges all the way to the Black Forest. In 1682, the choir screen (built in 1252) was broken out to expand the choir towards the nave. A large arched bay occupies the central portion, just below a balustrade. 1. The most amazing feature of the cathedral is its west faade, 9. Most of these windows date back to the 12th and 13th centuries! It is the second most visited cathedral in France, just after Notre Dame de Paris! Strasbourg.info - Strasbourg Cathedral [18], The new church was exceptionally large, just ten meters shorter than the present cathedral, and just ten meters narrower on its west front. One of the oldest surviving architectural drawings of the cathedral. [56], Lintel decoration Mary ascends to Heaven, Ecclesia and Synagoga among other statues from the cathedral in the Muse de l'uvre Notre-Dame, The south portal, or Portal of the Virgin, dates to about the 1220s, the same time as the Pillar of the Angels and the Astronomic clock in the interior. The architects of the rebuilding began to include Gothic elements, following the style that had appeared in northern France in the 12th century, while still preserving the existing Romanesque features. It is still in place.[86]. It was the tallest building of world for over 227 years. It was completed in 1399 and highlight of the cathedral was its 142-metre spire. A trick saved the cathedrals spire during the French Revolution, 13. Strasbourg Cathedral 104 Results Strasbourg Alsace France Petite France Ill Waterfront Sticker By artshop77 From $1.40 DECEMBER Canvas Print By Tritri Choupi $84.50 Strasbourg Cathedral - France Sticker By Moritz Schwble From $2.61 Strasbourg Alsace France Petite France street scene Sticker By artshop77 From $1.40 strasbourg cathedral Sticker The pointed gable over the central portal, decorated with a sculpture of the Virgin Mary and child, reaches up into the space in front of the rose window. [30], Notre Dame of Strasbourg turned into a Temple of Reason during the French Revolution, Strasbourg cathedral in 1837 with an optical telegraph, Strasbourg and the cathedral in 1869 (photo by Charles David Winter[fr]), Following the outbreak of the French Revolution, on 2 November 1789, all church property was seized by the French state and was soon vandalised by the most ardent revolutionaries, the Enrags. After the war, it was returned to the cathedral by the Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives section of the United States military.[47]. The portal of the infancy of Christ (left) depicts angels, bishops and saints in the voussures, and figures representing the virtues, carrying spears, prod the figures representing the vices. The belltower is 142 m high. #1 A Good Camera - No doubt you're going to be snapping like crazy with these amazing Cathedral views and need to ensure you have a good camera to do this city justice. During the French Revolution in the late 18th century, churches in France were in great danger. The first cathedral was built on top of this temple and was completed in the 7th century, but nothing of these structures remains today. 20 Interesting Facts About Strasbourg, France - kevmrc.com .The lower part of the massive base of the clock has statues of Apollo and the Goddess Diana presenting a circular calendar of the liturgical year, whose revolving face with a globe points to the dates of major religious festivals and events. The crossing is filled with statues and busts of saints set into niches as well as bas-reliefs of the Nativity and the Adoration of the Magi. the choir and south portal, still have very Romanesque features, with more emphasis placed on walls than on windows. In October 1988, when the city celebrated its 2,000th anniversary (as the first official mention of Argentoratum dates from 12 BC), pope John Paul II visited and celebrated mass in the cathedral. Strasbourg Cathedral is the oldest Gothic cathedral in the world and one of the must-sees when visiting Strasbourg. The crossing of the transept and the choir is topped by the central cupola or dome, which is supported by four gigantic pillars, each wrapped in eight columns, which reach up to support the vaults under the cupola. It also contains the tomb of Conrad de Bussnang, a prominent member of the chapter, whose image is portrayed in sculpture praying before the Virgin and child. The currently visible, much higher crossing dome was designed in grand Romanesque Revival style by the architect Gustave Klotz, after the original dome had been heavily damaged by Prussian shelling during the Siege of Strasbourg. The chapel is devoted to memorials to six canons who were entombed there between 1478 and 1681. Goethe and the Strasbourg Cathedral - My French Quest [67], The Klotz designed crossing dome over the transept, The crossing dome being built, 1878 or 1879, Romanesque vaults beneath the Klotz crossing dome. The Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg is the landmark of the city and known in the whole world. When the Romans were driven out, the original structure was replaced by a temple dedicated to the Virgin Mary. It is decorated with four vertical groups of statue-columns, depicting scenes from Christ and the Last Judgement, as well as four angels carrying the instruments of the Passion, and above that, four more angels sounding trumpets. The north tower was the world's tallest building from 1647 (when the taller spire of St. Mary's Church, Stralsund burnt down) until 1874 (when the tower of St. Nikolai's Church in Hamburg was completed). 10 Best Facts about Strasbourg Cathedral - Discover Walks Blog Stavelot Triptych. The meeting points between the columns and the vault ribs is decorated with vegetal sculpture. 5 out of 5 stars (7,356) $ 17.50. [52], The cathedral has three portals, corresponding to the three vessels of the nave. [44] On 1 March 1941, General Leclerc made the "Oath of Kufra" (serment de Koufra), stating he would "rest the weapons only when our beautiful colours fly again on Strasbourg's cathedral". Other articles where Cathedral of Notre-Dame is discussed: Strasbourg: The contemporary city: Strasbourg's 11th-15th-century Cathedral of Notre-Dame, damaged in 1870 and again in World War II, has been carefully restored. This enormous bell was installed but cracked shortly afterwards. At noon, a group of three mechanical kings would prostrate themselves before the infant Jesus, while the chimes of the clock sounded the hour. It replaces the original window which was one of the few windows not put into safe storage before World War II; it was destroyed by Allied bombing in 1944. Adolf Hitler, who visited it on 28 June 1940, intended to transform the church into a "national sanctuary of the German people",[43] or into a monument to the Unknown German Soldier. VR Strasbourg Cathdrale - Apps on Google Play LMENTS POUR UNE RPONSE", Les grandes dates de lhistoire de la Cathdrale de Strasbourg, "1439 1527: Strasbourg, loge suprme du Saint-Empire romain germanique", "Strasbourg Cathedral and the French Revolution (17891802)", "1906-1926: Consolidation des fondations du pilier de la tou", "CLBRATION DANS LA CATHDRALE DE NOTRE-DAME STRASBOURG HOMLIE DU PAPE JEAN-PAUL II Samedi, 8 octobre 1988", "Sculpture - Muse de l'uvre Notre-Dame", "L'histoire de la sculpture de saint Arbogast", "1399 1419: Construction de la haute tour", "Jubil du demi-millnaire de la flche de la cathdrale de Strasbourg. Like the city of Strasbourg, the cathedral connects German and French cultural influences, while the eastern structures, e.g. It is easily recognizable by its pink sandstone faade and its unique tower. An even older bell, by Jean Jacques-Miller (1595), repeats the sounding of the hours one minute later. Repairs to war damage were completed only in the early 1990s. Strasbourg Cathedral in France is famous for its western facade. Strasbourg Cathedralor the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg(French: Cathdrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, or Cathdrale de Strasbourg, German: Liebfrauenmnster zu Straburgor Straburger Mnster), also known as Strasbourg Minster, is a cathedral. Above this level is a celestial globe in a sky of painted stars which makes a complete revolution every 23 hours, fifty-six minutes and four seconds. [85], Statue of Virgin and a processional banner, in the Chapel of St. Andrew, The Chapel of Saint Andrew is on the southeast side, to the right of the apse. Strasbourg Cathedral is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Strasbourg, France. The cathedral was built in Gothic style. The Bayeux Tapestry is without a doubt the most fascinating Romanesque artwork that was ever produced. This is, however, nothing compared to the height of the spire, which reaches a total height of 142 meters (466 feet) above the ground. A statue on the west side of the pillar represents a famed preacher contemporary with the cathedral; Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg (d. 1510); a small sculpture along the railing of the stairs depicts Geiler's dog, mourning his master on steps of the pulpit where he once preached. It is surrounded by a big place where tourists and inhabitants of Strasbourg like to take a walk. The central art work of the North Transept is a large statue of Christ on the cross, over a sculptural landscape depicting the Mount of Olives, crowded with carved figures in dramatic poses. [21] From 1341 until 1372 (or according to other sources: 13391371), the post of chief architect was held by a Master Gerlach (not to be confused with Erwin's other son, Gerlach von Steinbach, architect of the Niederhaslach Church),[22] who has been identified as Erwin's grandson Johannes Gerlach von Steinbach. Different characters, representing the ages of life (from a child to an old man) parade in front of Death. The tower is one of the first to rely substantially on craftsmanship, with the final appearance being one with a high degree of linearity captured in stone. Strasbourg Cathedral While Goethe's poems on nature, romance, science and his great novel Faust have long been available to the English-speaking audience, his writings on art and literature, as in Essays, are less familiar. In addition to the grand organ in nave, the cathedral has two smaller organs: The baptismal font by Jost Dotzinger (1453), Judgement of Solomon window in north transept (late 12th c.), Saint John the Baptist and Saint John the Evangelist (3rd quarter of 12th century), left window of north transept, The transept and the apse were built atop the Romanesque crypt, making them a little higher than the nave; they are reached by a short stairway, giving the impression that the choir and apse are the stage of a theater. The chapel contains the tomb of Bishop Conrad de Lichtenberg, made between 1310 and 1320, and now framed by flamboyant tripe arch. 1500 and 1682), but many treasures remain inside the building; others, or fragments of them, being displayed in the Muse de luvre Notre-Dame. Because of this amazing trick, the spire was saved! CATHDRALE ALLEMANDE? The pilasters between the stairways are older, from 1015. [75], The dog of the preacher Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg, on the steps, mourning his master, The pulpit, attached to the fourth pillar of the north side of the nave, was sculpted in 1485 following a design by Hans Hammer. 10 Interesting Strasbourg France Facts | My Interesting Facts Above this is a globe, with painted figures of the Church and the Antichrist confronting each other. Strasbourg and Cologne Cathedral together represent some of the earliest uses of architectural drawing. Christianity was first imposed in 313 by the Edict of Constantine. [54][55] It presents a virtual theater of late Gothic flamboyant architecture and decoration, including three interlocking arches over the doors, containing a statue of the Saint during his martyrdom. Figures of two reclining women hold a cadran (clock face) between them which tells the minutes. [8], Animated mechanical figure of Samson and a lion. The Strasbourg Cathedral is impossible to miss as it towers above the surrounding buildings and is located in the center of the city. Cathdrale Notre Dame de Strasbourg or Strasbourg Cathedral is the 6th tallest church in the world, built entirely in the medieval period. It looks over the former cloister of the canons of the cathedral. Portal of Saint Lawrence (North transept). The cathedral of Notre-Dame - Strasbourg The transept of the cathedral was 55 meters long, the same length as the nave and choir. The cathedral in Strasbourg is widely known as one of the most beautiful gothic cathedrals in whole Europe. The pulpit itself, in the form of a very ornate corbeille or basket, is entirely covered with colonettes, gables, pinnacles, and niches filled with sculpture, including images of Christ on the cross, a crowned Virgin Mary, Apostles, the Crucifixion, and well as Kings and doctors of the Church. While Strasbourg, today, is a symbol of unity in Europe, for centuries, it was at the center of conflict. Since it was built, the platform has been a popular tourist attraction, and, until recently, a strategic fire lookout. Theres a statue of the main architect next to the cathedral, 8. Strasbourg | History, Geography, & Points of Interest | Britannica However, between 1250 and 1255 they decided to become more ambitious, and used what was called the "Parisian style"; this created three levels with a total height of 32 meters from the floor to the vaults. The reason is simply that the intention was to eventually build the south tower, but this never happened, resulting in the buildings distinctive form today. In 1372 the work was taken over a master Conrad, also known as Kuntze, about whom little is known, until 1382. The church marked a historic moment in architecture, 11. This embroidered cloth has a length of about 70 meters (230 feet) and a height of 50 centimeters (20 inches). Strasbourg (UK: / s t r z b r /, US: / s t r s b r , s t r z-,-b r /, French: (); German: Straburg [tasbk] (); Bas Rhin Alsatian: Strossburi [dsbui] (), Haut Rhin Alsatian: Strossburig [dsbui] ()) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France and the official seat of the . Strasbourg Cathedral (1015-1439) is an absolute masterpiece of Gothic art. The statue of the "Synagogue" is blindfolded, since Jews did not recognise the divinity of Christ. It dates to the end of the 15th century. Inside Strasbourg Cathedral. Ensingen worked on the cathedral from 1399 to 1419, taking over from Claus von Lohre, and Hltz from 1419 to 1439, completing the building at last. Described by Victor Hugo as a "gigantic and delicate marvel",[7] and by Goethe as a "sublimely towering, wide-spreading tree of God",[2] the cathedral is visible far across the plains of Alsace and can be seen from as far off as the Vosges Mountains or the Black Forest on the other side of the Rhine. "[36], The cathedral was not returned to church control until July 15, 1801, along with confiscated property that had not been destroyed. Strasbourg Cathedral (official French: Notre-Dame de Strasbourg ,German: Liebfrauenmnster zu Straburg, Our Lady of Strasbourg) is the Cathedral in Strasbourg. The nave and choir were composed of three vessels, each with two traverses. The Gothic style also appeared in the statuary, particularly the Pillar of the Angels, and in the tympanums over the double portals on the south transept, which showed the influence of the sculpture in French Gothic cathedrals. 1500) by Nikolaus Hagenauer, probably from the former main altar of the cathedral, Parts of the original astronomical clock (Strasbourg Museum of Decorative Arts). The main architect and the man credited with most of the cathedrals design was Erwin von Steinbach (1244-1318), a German architect. Select from premium Strasbourg Strasbourg Cathedral of the highest quality. [71], The narthex of the cathedral and massive pillars supporting the tower, seen from the central nave, Inside of west front doors, with blind rose window and column-statue of St. Peter. This massive faade was decorated with thousands of figures giving it a unique and magnificent impression! [84], In 2004 the apse and choir received some of its historic furnishings; fifteen choir stalls made by Claude Burdy and Claude Bergerat in 1692, as well as a group of busts of the apostles originally placed there in the 18th century. [9] The Muse de l'uvre Notre-Dame, a municipal museum located in the Foundation's buildings, displays original works of art from the cathedral, such as sculptures and stained-glass, but also the surviving original medieval buildings plans. One of the architects was Erwin von Steinbach. The length of the cathedral is about 100 metres, with the main aisle of 38 metres. [35] Fragments can be seen in the Muse de luvre Notre-Dame. [83], The apse, with the Virgin of Alsace window (1956), Crowning of Mary, by Eduard Steinle in the vault of the apse, The apse of the cathedral, the hemispherical vault behind the altar on the northeast end, features Romanesque and Gothic architecture overlaid with 19th-century Neo-Romanesque decoration, The paintings on the half-dome and walls were made by douard Steinl in 187779, in the style of a Byzantine mosaic. The sculpture largely dates to the late 13th century and is similar in theme and style to that of the sculpture of Reims Cathedral made between 1250 and 1260, though the Strasbourg sculpture shows greater realism.[53]. The more recent one is under the transept, from about 1150, and the older one, under the apse, was built in about 1110 to 1120. Recent Boards {{ board.name }} {{ board.total_asset_count }} View all Boards View all Sets CREATE BOARD. Most of the sculptures decorating this portal are copies and the originals are on display in a museum in Strasbourg called the Muse de luvre Notre-Dame.. Top 10 Famous Romanesque Artworks - art-facts.com The cathedral was built in Gothic style. This part of the clock is surrounded by painted figures representing the ancient empires Greece, Assyria, Persia, and Rome. It was decorated with paintings by the Swiss painter Tobias Stimmer. Under Charlemagne, the Bishop Remi consecrated the altar and built a funeral crypt in about 778. Klotz's dome was in turn heavily damaged by bombing raids during World War II, and restored between 1988 and 1992. 10. THE 10 BEST Strasbourg Sights & Historical Landmarks Strasbourg Cathedral is over 1,000 years old Officially named "Notre-Dame de Strasbourg" ("Our Lady of Strasbourg"), the Cathedral was built in a Gothic style, and is still to this day a "light and delicate marvel", as Victor Hugo called it. pictures from Axis Mundi Design. Its the capital of the Grand Est region of France in the historic region of Alsace. The first version of the church was starting to be built during 1015 by proposal of Bishop Werner von Habsburg, but fire destroyed most of . Cathedral. It is really beautiful and imposing! Between the lower tower and spire there is a balustrade, almost hidden by pinnacles and other architectural decoration. Bishop Heinrich I von Hasenburg (1181 March 25, 1190) decided to construct a new cathedral, to be more beautiful than that of Basel Munster, which was just being finished. [52], The west front takes its distinctive appearance and sense of verticality from the dense network of lacelike pointed gables, pinnacles and tall, slender columns that cover it. [75], The windows of the triforium, between the upper and lower window, contain 19th-century reconstitutions of early windows depicting the ancestors of Christ, but little of the original glass remains. Cathdrale Notre Dame de Strasbourg Address Pl. A door opens from the chapel to an adjoining cloister behind the cathedral. This is crowned by the cross, which is surrounded by four smaller crosses and images of the host and chalice, elements of the liturgy of the Eucharist. [10], The history of Strasbourg's cathedral is well documented thanks to the archives of the Notre-Dame Foundation, the city of Strasbourg, and of the diocese. 6 Reasons To Visit Strasbourg, France: Cradle Of Alsatian Culture - Forbes Christmas in Strasbourg, France (2022): Everything You Need to Know In addition to being one of the finest examples of high Gothic architecture remaining today, Strasbourg Cathedral has a fascinating history spanning hundreds of years. The four bells in the octagon tower are rung on the hour. [84], The main altar, in the form of a tomb, is a recreation of an earlier altar in the rocaille or late baroque style, which had been damaged in a fire in 1759 and then ruined during the French Revolution. 300 years actually, give or take a few decade! Theres a reason why the church has an asymmetrical form, 12. The first astronomical clock was installed in the cathedral from 135254 until 1500. 9. When the word was spread that Adolf Hitler wanted to turn the church into a national sanctuary of the German people during World War II, all the stained-glass windows were put into 74 boxes and stored in a salt mine near Heilbronn in Germany. Notre Dame de Strasbourg Cathedral. 11 Things to do in Strasbourg France: History, Culture, and Food The portal outside the northern transept is equally fascinating, 10. You will surely enjoy exploring the vibrant . It was built on the site of a chapel from the Merovingian dynasty - the ruling family of the Franks from the middle of the fifth to the eighth centuries. The extension concerns the Neustadt, new town, designed and built under the German administration (1871-1918). Its considered to be the epitome of French Gothic architecture, 5. Its therefore considered to be one of the 4 capitals of Europe along with Brussels, Luxembourg City, and Frankfurt. Media in category "Strasbourg Cathedral organ" The following 102 files are in this category, out of 102 total. The next major step toward Gothic took place with the raising of the vaults of the south transept, creating thinner walls and more space for high windows. It also preserves the earliest plans of the cathedral, as well as paintings and tapestries and other objects. The construction of the cathedral, which had started in the year 1015 and had been relaunched in 1190, was finished in 1439.[6]. A cathedral is a large Christian church. [85], The bourdon, the largest and deepest-sounding bell, In 1519 Strasbourg Cathedral commissioned Jerg von Speyer to create what was said to be the largest bell in Europe; 2.74 meters in diameter and weighing twenty tons. A pointed arch, a tribune for singers, and a balustrade were added in the 15th century. HayleesSilver From shop HayleesSilver. Bengel, Sabine; Nohlen, Marie-Jos; Potier, Stphane: This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:21. It was the tallest building in the world for a period of 227 years, 6. They feature a Tree of Jesse (The Genealogy of Christ) and the judgement of Solomon (right window) and the Virgin Mary with John the Baptist and John the Evangelist) as well as King Solomon, the Queen of Sheba and King David on the left. The sculpture of the portals was returned to its places or restored between 1811 and 1827. How tall is Strasbourg Cathedral? Visit the Cathedral of Strasbourg - Guide to prepare your visit [71], Two chapels, devoted to Saint Andrew and Saint John the Baptist, were attached to the two sides of the apse. [72], The creation of Adam and Eve (Narthex) (12801345), The lower bay on the south has stained glass windows that depict the Last Judgement, while the north bay windows illustrate twelve episodes from the Book of Genesis, including the creation of Adam and Eve, the original sin, the expulsion from Paradise, and Noah's ark.